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Objective: To investigate the expression of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1, SP142) and PD-L1 (22C3) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), and analyze their correlation with the clinicopathological factors and prognosis. Methods: The clinicopathologic data of 259 patients with TNBC treated in Cancer Hospital from August 2010 to December 2013 were collected. Whole section of surgical tissue samples were collected to conduct PD-L1 (SP142) and PD-L1 (22C3) immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. The PD-L1 expression in tumor cells and tumor infiltrating immune cells were visually assessed respectively, the relationship between PD-L1 expression and clinicopathologic characterizes were analyzed. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to test the correlations between PD-L1 expression and disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Results: The positive rates of SP142 (immune cell score, ICs≥1%) and 22C3 (combined positive score, CPS≥1) were 42.1%(109/259) and 41.3%(107/259) in TNBC tissues, respectively, with a total coincidence rate of 82.3%. The Kappa value of positive expression cases was 0.571 and the distribution difference of SP142 and 22C3 positive expression cases was statistically significant (P<0.001). The PD-L1 positive patients were less likely to have vascular invasion (P<0.05), but with higher histological grade and Ki-67 proliferation index (P<0.05). The recurrence/metastasis cases(8) of the patients with positive PD-L1 (SP142) was significantly lower than that of patients with negative PD-L1(SP142, 27, P=0.016). The positive expression of PD-L1 (SP142) patients were longer DFS (P=0.019). The OS of patients with positive PD-L1 (SP142) were longer than those with negative PD-L1 (SP142), but without significance (P=0.116). The positive expression of PD-L1 (22C3) was marginally associated with DFS and OS of patients (P>0.05). Conclusions: The expression of PD-L1 (22C3) is different from that of PD-L1 (SP142) in TNBC, and the two antibodies can't be interchangeable for each other in clinical tests. PD-L1 (SP142) status is an independent prognostic factor of DFS in TNBC. The DFS is significantly prolonged in patients with positive expression of PD-L1 (SP142).
Subject(s)
Humans , B7-H1 Antigen/genetics , Immunohistochemistry , Prognosis , Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/pathologyABSTRACT
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is a member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily. It is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Whether and how GDF-15 modulates nociceptive signaling remains unclear. Behaviorally, we found that peripheral GDF-15 significantly elevated nociceptive response thresholds to mechanical and thermal stimuli in naïve and arthritic rats. Electrophysiologically, we demonstrated that GDF-15 decreased the excitability of small-diameter dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. Furthermore, GDF-15 concentration-dependently suppressed tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channel Nav1.8 currents, and shifted the steady-state inactivation curves of Nav1.8 in a hyperpolarizing direction. GDF-15 also reduced window currents and slowed down the recovery rate of Nav1.8 channels, suggesting that GDF-15 accelerated inactivation and slowed recovery of the channel. Immunohistochemistry results showed that activin receptor-like kinase-2 (ALK2) was widely expressed in DRG medium- and small-diameter neurons, and some of them were Nav1.8-positive. Blockade of ALK2 prevented the GDF-15-induced inhibition of Nav1.8 currents and nociceptive behaviors. Inhibition of PKA and ERK, but not PKC, blocked the inhibitory effect of GDF-15 on Nav1.8 currents. These results suggest a functional link between GDF-15 and Nav1.8 in DRG neurons via ALK2 receptors and PKA associated with MEK/ERK, which mediate the peripheral analgesia of GDF-15.
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Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are used as the primary first-line treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, and the combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and angiogenesis inhibitors have also been recommended as first-line treatment recently. For hepatocellular carcinoma patients with portal vein tumor thrombus, hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) is supported by progressively more evidence in improvement in the overall survival benefit. Based on relevant literatures and combined with clinical practices, the authors investigate the clinical application and development trends of TKIs, ICIs and HAIC in the first-line treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is a member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily. It is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Whether and how GDF-15 modulates nociceptive signaling remains unclear. Behaviorally, we found that peripheral GDF-15 significantly elevated nociceptive response thresholds to mechanical and thermal stimuli in naïve and arthritic rats. Electrophysiologically, we demonstrated that GDF-15 decreased the excitability of small-diameter dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. Furthermore, GDF-15 concentration-dependently suppressed tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channel Nav1.8 currents, and shifted the steady-state inactivation curves of Nav1.8 in a hyperpolarizing direction. GDF-15 also reduced window currents and slowed down the recovery rate of Nav1.8 channels, suggesting that GDF-15 accelerated inactivation and slowed recovery of the channel. Immunohistochemistry results showed that activin receptor-like kinase-2 (ALK2) was widely expressed in DRG medium- and small-diameter neurons, and some of them were Nav1.8-positive. Blockade of ALK2 prevented the GDF-15-induced inhibition of Nav1.8 currents and nociceptive behaviors. Inhibition of PKA and ERK, but not PKC, blocked the inhibitory effect of GDF-15 on Nav1.8 currents. These results suggest a functional link between GDF-15 and Nav1.8 in DRG neurons via ALK2 receptors and PKA associated with MEK/ERK, which mediate the peripheral analgesia of GDF-15.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Analgesia , Ganglia, Spinal , Growth Differentiation Factor 15 , Sensory Receptor Cells , Sodium Channels , Tetrodotoxin/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Objective@#To explore the molecular characteristics of follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC), follicular thyroid adenoma (FTA) and follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC), and investigate their role in tumorigenesis, differential diagnosis and prognosis evaluation in patients with follicular thyroid neoplasm.@*Methods@#We retrospectively analyzed 50 surgical resection samples of follicular thyroid neoplasm. DNA was obtained from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue, and subjected to next-generation sequencing (NGS) to analyze 50 hotspots for mutation in genes.@*Results@#47 samples passed quality control, including 29 FVPTCs, 8 FTAs and 10 FTCs. 75.9% of FVPTCs harbored mutated genes: BRAF V600E (31.0%, 9/29) was the most frequent, followed by TP53 (27.6%, 8/29), and N/KRAS (20.7%, 6/29). In contrast, 37.5% (3/8) FTAs carried NRAS Q61R mutation with 12.5% (1/8) FTA carrying mutated BRAF G466E. 20% (2/10) FTCs harbored NRAS Q61R mutation, and 20% (2/10) FTCs with TP53 mutations. BRAF V600E gene mutation only appeared in FVPTC, and was associated with age of onset and lymph node metastasis. There was no significant correlation between N/KRAS mutations and clinical pathologic features. Patients with lymph node metastasis group seems to have more TP53 mutation.@*Conclusions@#BRAF V600E gene mutation can be used to identity FVPTC from FTA/FTC. N/KRAS mutations cannot be used as the exclusive indicator of benign and malignant in thyroid follicular tumor. TP53 mutations play an important role in the process of follicular thyroid neoplasm, indicating more aggressive behavior and poor prognosis.
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Objective: Cimicifuga dahurica (Ranunculaceae) has many bioactivities. Although there have been intensive studies for saponin constituents at present, only a few studies have focused on for chemical constituents of phenolic acid. To define the phenolic acid constituents,C. dahurica was separated, and the structures of the compounds were identified,in the expectation of providing a basis for its further development,utilization and quality control. Method: A total of 16 kg rhizome of C. dahurica was extracted with 70%ethanol for three times by heating reflux. These 3 extracts were decompressed and concentrated,and then dissolved in water. Then the solvent was successively extracted with petroleum ether,ethyl acetate(EtOAc) and n-butanol(BuOH). The components of EtOAc and water extract were isolated and purified by macroporous,silica gel,ODS,Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography,preparative HPLC and recrystallization,and the structures were identified by nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) and physicochemical analysis etc. Result: Fifteen compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate and water fractions,and identified as cimicifugic G (1),2-caffeoyl piscidic acid (2),cimicifugic A (3),cimicifugic B (4),caffeic acid 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5),cimicifugic E (6),cimicifugic F (7),trans-ferulic acid 4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (8),carboxymethyl isoferulate (9),3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid (10),ethyl ferulate (11),caffeic ester glucoside (12),shomaside A (13),isoferulic acid (14),caffeic acid (15). Conclusion: Compounds 1-7,9-10,13 were isolated from the plant for the first time.
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Objective@#The diagnostic criteria of lung biopsy specimens by 2015 WHO lung tumor classification were used to evaluate lung biopsy specimens along with detection of genetic alterations of major tumor driving genes including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR).@*Methods@#The clinical data, histological slides, immunohistochemical stains and special stains of 806 lung biopsy specimens at Beijing Hospital from July 2015 to July 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Diagnosis of lung cancer was reclassified according to the 2015 WHO lung tumor classification and related gene mutation data were analyzed.@*Results@#During a three-year period, the total number of lung cancer diagnosis was 483 cases, including 221 female and 262 male patients with age ranging from 37 to 85 years (median age of 65 years). There were 40 cases(8.28%) of small cell carcinoma,11 cases (2.28%) of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, 3 cases (0.62%) of combined neuroendocrine carcinoma, 2 cases(0.41%) of atypical carcinoid, 208 cases (43.06%) of adenocarcinoma, 92 cases(19.05%) of non-small cell carcinoma, favor adenocarcinoma, 66 cases (13.66%) of squamous cell carcinoma, 42 cases(8.70%) of non-small cell carcinoma, favor squamous cell carcinoma, 16 cases(3.31%) of non-small cell carcinoma, not otherwise specified, and 3 cases (0.62%) of non-small cell carcinoma, possible adenosquamous carcinoma. Among 202 cases tested, 107 cases (52.97%) showed EGFR mutations, including 86 of 133 cases (64.66%) of adenocarcinoma and 18 of 52 cases (34.62%) of non-small cell carcinoma, favor adenocarcinoma. Twenty two cases were found to have T790M mutation among 27 patients after EGFR TKI targeted drug therapy. Immunohistochemical staining of ALK (D5F3) was positive in 3 of 354 cases of non-small cell lung cancer, confirmed by EML4-ALK fusion gene fluorescence PCR. ROS1 gene fusion was found in 1 of 38 cases. Splicing mutations in exon 14 of MET gene were seen in one case of non-small cell carcinoma with spindle cell differentiation.@*Conclusion@#The new diagnostic criteria by the 2015 WHO lung tumor classification is better suited for diagnosing lung biopsy specimens and providing accurate treatment guidance and improving the patient outcome.
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Objective@#To study the histological subtyping of poorly differentiated solid lung cancer by using immunohistochemistry and mucin staining along with analysis of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangement.@*Methods@#Among 827 cases of non-small cell lung cancer at Beijing Hospital from April 2014 to April 2017, 167 cases of solid poorly differentiated lung cancer were identified and histopathologically subtyped by mucin staining (D-PAS) and immunohistochemistry using 10 antibodies (CK7, vimentin, Ki-67, CK5/6, p40, TTF1, Napsin A, CD56, chromogranin A, and synaptophysin). Paraffin embedded tumor samples were subjected to mutation analysis of exons 18, 19, 20 and 21 of the EGFR gene by amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) method. Immunohistochemistry (Ventana D5F3) for ALK gene rearrangement was performed followed by ALK fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) verification.@*Results@#There were 79 females and 88 males in the study cohort. The patient′s age ranged from 35 to 77 years (mean 62 years). Cases with solid growth pattern (at least >10%) and without typical histological features of adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma or neuroendocrine carcinoma were further divided based on immunohistochemistry and mucin stain into 64 cases(38.32%)of adenocarcinoma, 34 cases(20.35%) squamous cell carcinoma, 21 cases(12.57%)large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, 5 cases(2.99%)combined large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, 2 cases(1.20%)adenosquamous carcinoma and 41 cases(24.55%)large cell carcinoma. The Ki-67 positive rate ranged from 5% to 65%. Mutations of EGFR were detected in 5 cases (2.99%, 5/167) of adenocarcinoma(19del in 3 cases and L858R in 2 cases). Two cases(1.20%, 2/167) with ALK-rearranged were identified by immunohistochemistry (Ventana D5F3) and confirmed by ALK FISH.@*Conclusions@#Poorly differentiated solid lung cancer without distinct morphological features can be further histologically subtyped by mucin staining and immunohistochemistry. Molecular testing should be performed for accurate molecular target therapy to improve the prognosis.
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Post-incision pain often occurs after surgery and is emergent to be treated in clinic. It hinders the rehabilitation of patients and easily leads to various types of postoperative complications. Acupuncture-combined anesthesia (ACA) is the combination of traditional acupuncture and modern anesthesia, which means acupuncture is applied at acupoints with general anesthesia. It was testified that ACA strengthened the analgesic effect and reduced the occurrence of postoperative pain, but its mechanism was not clear. Numerous reports have shown that chemokine receptor CX3CR1 is involved in the development and progression of many pathological pains. The present study was aimed to reveal whether ACA played the analgesic roles in the post-incision pain by affecting CX3CR1. A model of toe incision pain was established in C57BL/6J mice. The pain threshold was detected by behavioral test, and the expression of CX3CR1 protein was detected by immunohistochemical method and Western blot. The results showed that the significant mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were induced by paw incision in the mice. Mechanical allodynia was significantly suppressed by ACA, but thermal hyperalgesia was not changed. CX3CR1 was mainly expressed in microglia in the spinal cord dorsal horn, and its protein level was significantly increased at 3 d after incision compared with that of naïve C57BL/6J mice. ACA did not affect CX3CR1 protein expression at 3 d after incision in the toe incision model mice. Paw withdrawal threshold was significantly increased at 3 d after incision in CX3CR1 knockout (KO) mice compared with that in the C57BL/6J mice. But the analgesic effect of ACA was disappeared in CX3CR1 KO mice. Accordingly, it was also blocked when neutralizing antibody of CX3CR1 was intrathecally injected (i.t.) 1 h before ACA in the C57BL/6J mice. These results suggest that CX3CR1 in microglia is involved in post-incision pain and analgesia of ACA.
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Gastric cancer has high heterogeneity,and the traditional histopathologic classification has a limited significance for clinical work.Along with the dramatic development of molecular detection technology,it may be much more helpful for the treatment and prognosis to use the molecular classifications.Recently,there have been many researches on the molecular classification of gastric cancer,such as Tan type,Lei type,clonality type,The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) type,Asian Cancer Research Group (ACRG) type,and so on.All of these molecular classification methods have respective advantages and disadvantages.
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Clinicopathological parameters are important to predict the prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC),they mainly include TNM stage related indexes of the tumor,tumor length,vessel and nerve invasion, tumor budding, peripheral blood cells, etc. To predict the prognosis of ESCC patients accurately is the prerequisite of precise treatment and the key to improve the patients survival rate and survival quality.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the relationship between DNA mismatch repair (MMR) and clinicopathologic features and prognosis in patients with stages II and III colon cancers.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The clinical and pathological data of 440 patients with stage II/III colon cancer after radical resection were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed. Immunohistochemical staining was used to assess the expression of MMR proteins (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2), and the correlation between DNA MMR and clinicopathological features and prognosis of colon cancers was analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of the 440 tumor samples tested for DNA mismatch repair status, 90 (20.5%) demonstrated defective DNA mismatch repair and 350 (79.5%) had proficient DNA mismatch repair. Defective DNA mismatch repair (dMMR) was associated with young patients (≤ 60), proximal colon cancer, stage II, poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma and mucinous adenocarcinoma (P<0.05 for all). Among the 440 patients, 126 (28.6%) cases had recurrence or metastasis and 93 (21.1%) died during the median follow-up of 61.0 months. The five-year disease-free survival (DFS) rate was 82.2% among the patients with tumor exhibiting dMMR, significantly higher than that in patients with tumors exhibiting pMMR (68.9%, P=0.02). The univariate and mutlivariate analyses showed that the MMR status is an independent factor affecting 5-year disease-free survival and overall survival (OS) in colon cancer patients (P<0.05 for both).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Defective DNA mismatch repair (dMMR) is associated with patients with proximal colon cancer, stage II and poorly defferentiated adenocarcinoma and mucinous adenocarcinoma. The prognosis for patients with dMMR is better than those with pMMR. dMMR may be a useful biomarker for the prognosis of colon cancer.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing , Metabolism , Adenocarcinoma , Genetics , Metabolism , Mortality , Pathology , Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous , Genetics , Metabolism , Mortality , Pathology , Adenosine Triphosphatases , Metabolism , Age Factors , Analysis of Variance , Colonic Neoplasms , Genetics , Metabolism , Mortality , Pathology , DNA Mismatch Repair , DNA Repair Enzymes , Metabolism , DNA-Binding Proteins , Metabolism , Disease-Free Survival , Mismatch Repair Endonuclease PMS2 , MutL Protein Homolog 1 , MutS Homolog 2 Protein , Metabolism , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local , Nuclear Proteins , Metabolism , Prognosis , Retrospective Studies , Survival RateABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the efficacy of radiofrequency ablation(RFA) combined with endoscopic resection(ER) for eradicating widespread early non-flat type esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and precancerous lesions.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of 4 patients with early non-flat type ESCC and precancerous lesions in January 2010 at the Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Proportion of patients with histological complete response (CR) 3 months, 12 months to 5 years after operation and adverse events were observed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>These 4 patients were all male, aged from 47 to 71 (mean age 62) years, including 2 of ESCC, 1 of HGIN, 1 of MGIN confirmed by pathology. USL length was 6-12 (mean 8.5) cm. Treatment area (TA) length was 8-14 (mean 10.5) cm. Three cases were 0-II a (mean length 2 cm), and 1 case 0-II c (mean length 4 cm). Lesions of 2 cases were complete cycle, and other 2 cases occupied 3/4 circumference. Four patients completed their operations successfully. Total operation time was 42-105 (mean 66.8) min, RFA time was 3-12 (mean 8.25) min, and ER time was 6-20 (10.25) min, without bleeding and perforation. The mean hospital stay was 3 days. Pathology examination showed that 2 cases were ESCC G2 (lesion length 12, 8 cm; non-flat type lesion length 3, 4 cm), 1 was HGIN (lesion length 12 cm; non-flat type lesion length 1 cm) and 1 was MGIN (lesion length 6 cm; non-flat type lesion length 2 cm). Three cases were CR 3 months, 1 to 5 years after operation. One case had HGIN at 3-month and MGIN at 1-year and 3-year during follow up, and was CR after treatment with HALO. Postoperative esophageal stenosis occurred in 4 cases. Among them, 2 cases were mild without treatment, and 2 were severe, who were relieved by endoscopic water sac dilation for 5-8 (mean 6.5) times.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>RFA combined with ER is effective and safe in the treatment of patients with early non-flat esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and precancerous lesions.</p>
Subject(s)
Aged , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell , General Surgery , Catheter Ablation , Esophageal Neoplasms , General Surgery , Esophageal Stenosis , Esophagoscopy , Operative Time , Retrospective Studies , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the role of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) as a prognostic indicator of radical resection and a predictor of fluorouracil-based adjuvant therapy benefit in patients with stage II/III colon cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The clinicopathological characteristics of 172 patients with stage II/III colon cancer who underwent radical resection were retrospectively analyzed. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of DNA mismatch repair (MLH1/MSH2/MSH6/PMS2) in the tumor tissues.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among a total of 172 patients, there were 38 (22.1%) cases with defective DNA mismatch repair (dMMR) and 134 (77.9%) cases with proficient DNA mismatch repair (pMMR). Among the 115 patients who did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy, those with tumor displaying dMMR had a better 5-year overall survival (OS) rate and disease-free survival (DFS) rate than the patients with proficient DNA mismatch repair (pMMR) (88.0% vs. 66.7%, P = 0.040; 84.0% vs. 60.0%, P = 0.034). The benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy differed significantly according to the MMR status. Adjuvant 5-Fu chemotherapy improved the 5-year overall survival rate among 134 patients with pMMR (86.4%) than that in patients treated by surgery alone (66.7%, P = 0.012). By contrast, there was no benefit of adjuvant 5-Fu chemotherapy in the patients with dMMR (61.5% vs. 86.4%, P = 0.062), which was even more clear the 5-year disease-free survival rate (53.8% vs. 84.0%, P = 0.038).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>MMR status is a predictor of the benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy with fluorouracil in stage II/III colon cancer. Patients with stage II/III colon cancer displaying dMMR have a better prognosis than those with pMMR.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols , Chemotherapy, Adjuvant , Colonic Neoplasms , Diagnosis , Therapeutics , Combined Modality Therapy , DNA Mismatch Repair , Disease-Free Survival , Fluorouracil , Neoplasm Staging , Prognosis , Retrospective Studies , Survival Rate , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the difference of microRNA (miRNA) expression between two groups of early stage (pT1N0) esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients who had different outcome and the prognostic significance of different miRNA in metastatic of early ESCC, and to identify useful prognostic markers in the selection of appropriate treatment for early ESCC patients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>TaqMan human miRNA arrays and bioinformatics were used to detect and analyze the expression profiles of miRNAs in the two groups, and RT-PCR was used to verify the differences in miRNA expression.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The miRNA arrays revealed a total of 41 markedly changed miRNAs in the survival group compared with the death group. Bioinformatics analysis, prediction and significant function analyses of targeted genes and pathway analysis identified that miR-27a, miR-143 and miR-886-5p levels were increased or decreased by seven-folds or more. The enriched target genes were GRB2, SOS1, MAPK1, EGFR, CBL, SPRY2, RPS6KA5, IGF1R, NGFR, MAPK14 and CREB1. These genes were significantly related to the following signaling pathways, i.e.Sprouty regulation of tyrosine kinase signals pathway, Erk1/Erk2 Mapk signaling pathway and transcription factor CREB and its extracellular signals.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>miR-27a, miR-886-5p, and miR-143 may be potential prognostic markers of metastasis for early ESCC. The detection of these miRNAs plays a directive role for the treatment options of early ESCC. The regulation of targeted genes and mechanism remain to be further studied.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , Biomarkers, Tumor , Genetics , Metabolism , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell , Genetics , Pathology , General Surgery , Esophageal Neoplasms , Genetics , Pathology , General Surgery , Gene Expression Profiling , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic , Lymphatic Metastasis , MicroRNAs , Metabolism , Neoplasm Metastasis , Neoplasm Staging , Signal TransductionABSTRACT
A population-based case-control study was conducted to evaluate the relative factors in the environments, agricultural works, outdoor activities, and the effectiveness of Lyme borreliosis (LB)- associated personal protective measures in Beijing. Thirty-four cases and 272 controls were personally interviewed by well-trained interviewers. Venous blood samples were taken from each subject. Sowing or harvesting in summer (OR=2.571, 95% CI: 1.109-5.962), living in house with weeding in the yard (OR=2.247, 95% CI: 1.062-4.755), and residence at the plain area (OR=2.630, 95% CI: 1.050-6.588) were the independent relative factors for seropositive LB. Wearing long pants and clothes with cuffs was the only protective behavior against tick bite (OR=0.186, 95% CI: 0.041-0.846). The findings showed that local farmers were easily infected with LB and almost no protective measure was taken against LB infection. Infection with LB was easier in residents of plain regions. Pets raising and outdoor activities were not the risk factors for infection with LB. Further studies are needed to fully understand the risk of infection with LB in China.
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Agriculture , Case-Control Studies , China , Epidemiology , Cities , Environment , Human Activities , Lyme Disease , Epidemiology , Microbiology , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
WHO has issued three editions of pathologic classification of bladder urothelial carcinoma in 1973,1999 and 2004.The 1973 version classification had been widely and the longest applied.However,WHO 2004 classification had been prevalent in past years.There were two issues in the applications of WHO 2004 classification.On one hand,there were some difficulties in quick grading in a given case.On the other hand,there were some misunderstandings in the conversion of different WHO classification.In this article,the changes of different pathologic classification of bladder urothelial carcinoma were reviewed and the outline of different pathologic classification was generalized.The criterion of all the systems was cell anaplasia.In WHO 1973 version classification,the definition of the various grades was vague.It was relatively precise in WHO 1999 classification.However,the grading of Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ in WHO 1999 classification still remained confusions.The major changes in WHO 2004 classification was that this system divided urothelial carcinoma into low-and high-grade,which may solve the heterogenesis of grade Ⅱ in the other two classifications.